On possible development of a
problems of physics, chemistry and technology of antimatter for projects
of ((macro
micro) - , micro - , nano –
spaceships)
E.P. Prokopev,
eppprokopiev@mail.ru,
SRC «Kurchatov Institute» «FGBU "SSC RF – ITEP», Russia, Moscow
In
the brief form features and some possible ways of development of high space technologies
of the future (the special attention is given to a problem of physics, chemistry
and technology of antimatter) are discussed; to a problem of positron
annihilation in a matter (positronics), including in
the structure positron processes, positron states and actually annihilation
process which is a component of fundamental and practically important problem
of antimatter. On the basis of data the Internet the most important
applications of antimatter – space technologies of the future are considered.
Introduction
The antimatter problem causes now enough great interest
in the World (http://www.portalus.ru/modules/science/data/files/prokopiev/Project-Prokop-Paper.pdf). . It includes following basic
sections: 1) Physics, chemistry and technology of antimatter; 2) Features of
properties of an antimatter; 3) Features of interaction
of a matter and an antimatter. These questions can undoubtedly help with
studying of fundamental problems of a universe (especially in an unbalance of
substance and antimatter in the World). In this connection there is a problem
of synthesis of antimatter with application of modern achievements in area of
physics of elementary particles and the nuclear physics. On the first the plan
there is a problem of synthesis of antiatoms.
Reception of heavier antiatoms certainly will demand
creation of special accelerators for synthesis of their antinucleuses.
In 1965 on the accelerator in the USA has been received antideuteron.
In 1969 on the accelerator have opened the nucleus of
antihelium-3 consisting of two antiprotons and an antineutron. Then nucleus of antitritium - the heavy antihydrogen, consisting of one antiproton and two
antineutrons have been opened also. Basically it is possible to imagine
and more compound antiatoms, and even the big
congestions of an antimatter. Researches in this direction proceed. Now in CERN
dares and the problem of synthesis of antihydrogen is
already partially solved at interaction of received slow antiprotons with slow
positrons. And slow antiprotons turned out on the accelerator in a return mode
of slowdown of antiprotons. Slow positrons turned out from - radioactive
sources. In Russia the problem of reception of slow positrons dares in Dubna under the direction of I.N.Meshkov
within the limits of program LEPTA. The Same bunch of slow positrons can be
used in modern nanotechnologies of manufacture for probe of properties of nanoobjects in modern nano - ,
microelectronics products (for example, dimensioning, concentration and a
chemical compound of the atoms surrounding nanoobjects
on depth).
During growth of a population on the Earth ecological, economic,
sociopolitical and other problems of creative development of a human civilization
sharply worsen. Are available the big number of offered projects of the future
space travel based on our knowledge of laws of the nature and a universe. Now
there is a point of view that interstellar travel on spacecrafts with
application of the advanced physical energy sources are impossible by virtue of
their huge duration and impossibility of creation of stocks of fuel and
deterioration of materials of space vehicles. There are points of view that
these flights are possible only in near and far space and flights to the
nearest stars. Development of our galaxy, other galaxies of our Universe and is
possible other Universes contacts projects possible quasifantastic
the machines of time "deforming" space-time, etc. Therefore the
prospect of creative development of a human civilization is undoubtedly connected
by projects of quantum teleportation with deep studying laws of a universe with
the purpose of creation on their basis of the future space technologies of
development of a human civilization. The special role at the first stage of
development of space technologies will be doubtless for playing a problem of
physics and chemistry of antimatter. Apparently, these researches can approach to
a solution of questions: whence we in the Universe also what we in it?
These are the unsolved secrets facing to mankind. To them concern, perhaps,
first of all search reasonable lives and a problem of antimatter (primary
matter) in the Universe (see, for example, [1-18]). We shall consider in brief
these questions.
About possible various forms of World Reason
Within the limits of quantum field minisuperspaces
it is possible to show the theory of the Universe and model a plural birth of
the Universes, even if has started to eat anything ("is absent" the
space-time, there are no Universes including our parent Universe). Thus, it is
possible to consider a birth installed as process inevitable and natural -
consequence of the theory of a field of the Universe in which the superpotential depends on time. It enables to draw a
dynamic picture of Eternity (Everlasting peace) as original gas of the cooperating
Universes, transition between which is possibly possible through so-called molehills
(see [3]). The important question of
the modern science promoting development of fundamental problems of a science
and techniques, search of a reasonable life and new vital spaces in the World
surrounding us is therefore. It is possible to tell, that these problems
probably are it (is similar) Great geographical to openings the end of the
Middle Ages and the beginning of new time in history of mankind, which is
promote to unprecedented progress in development of all spheres of its life.
Ideas
about interstellar flights, to an essence, first of all assume searches of a
reasonable life in the Universe, an establishment of contacts to other civilizations.
But these questions as it is underlined in [3] and below, by way of debatable
discussion of a possible problem of the concept of World Reason – forms of the
matter possessing ability purposefully to develop and learn, both the
development, and other forms of a matter. One of examples of the form of World
Reason before us exists in reality. It is the maximum form of movement of an
alive matter – collective human Reason, that is to an
essence that we name a human Civilization, the term «the humanoid» is sometimes
used. In this connection there are following inevitable questions 1) whether
exist in the Universe (besides ours) humanoid Civilizations, contact with
which, apparently, it is possible to establish others; 2) whether we can –
carriers of one of kinds of World Reason, i.e. representatives of a human
Civilization to come into contacts to other forms of World Reason. These
questions have especially practical character. To solve them it is necessary on
high scientific and a technological level in view of all knowledge of laws of
development of one of moving forms of a matter – World Reason (a human
Civilization).
The sum of knowledge of world around (mean the sum of knowledge of laws
of development of all kinds of a moving matter), accumulated by various forms
of World Reason as follows from an example of development of a human
Civilization, follows approximately on the law 
. In this enough to the naive formula the parameter 
represents value « the
sums of knowledge », and parameter 
, where 
- average time of a life of a civilization. And sizes of
parameters and for various forms of
World Reason, apparently, are besides various. Thus, assuming, that an
opportunity of an establishment of contacts between civilizations are defined
by affinity of values of parameters and functions 
, it is possible to come to rather pessimistic conclusion
about casual character of an establishment of contacts. Therefore various forms
of World Reason most likely develop and exist independently from each other.. Contacts between them – the phenomenon
most likely casual, as well as influences of one form of World Reason on
another. It is one of possible paradoxes which expect serious
researchers on a problem of a reasonable life in the Universe and-or the
Universes. Unfortunately the experiments lead recently on search of a
reasonable life in our parent installed distance meanwhile the negative result
confirming this possible paradox.
There's also another reason for failure to establish contacts. Main of them is apparently the fact that
our civilization has not reached a
sufficiently high level of development in scientific and technical terms in order to establish contacts with other highly developed civilizations. These contacts are likely possible on the
basis of some unknown physical
forms of communication to
humanity (contacts). It is
possible that the world around us is eternal (eternity), full of information about other civilizations, their laws and
customs of development. This information is in eternity in the interaction with the environment
can set the development of other worlds with
different laws. So we should wait for Humanity will
reach the higher forms of
development to be able to detect
this information and use it in
their benefit.
There is a big number of offered projects of
the future space travel based on our knowledge of laws of the nature and a
universe. The special role at the first stage of development of space
technologies will be doubtless for playing a problem of physics, chemistry and
technology of antimatter [1-18].
About the physicist, chemistry and technology of
antimatter
Special interest is represented with a problem of reception
of cold antihydrogen (in special traps at temperature
of the order 0,5), developed in CERN [7]. These experiments
assume check of fundamental laws of a universe (for example, CPT-SYMMETRY) by means of studying
properties of synthesized atoms of antihydrogen.
Yielded results of CERN of reception, storage and detecting of antihydrogen can be used in the future with the purpose of
reception of antihydrogen in sufficient macro
quantities of antideuterons for practical use as annihilation fuel in various
impellent installations of space vehicles. Possibly it will be a question of
creation of solar factories with use of energy of radiation of the Sun and a
space for manufacture and storage of antimatter. The essence of a method should
consist in reception by means of the transformed energy of the Sun, for
example, in electric energy on accelerators or any other methods of streams of
fast antiprotons and positrons with their subsequent delay on technology of
CERN [7] up to temperatures of the order 0,5 To in
some closed area of a space. The subsequent recombination these cold antiprotons
and positrons in this area should lead to formation of cold antihydrogen.
Thus the subsequent process of formation of molecules of antihydrogen
and their condensation in firm particles in states of temperature of a space is
possible. Condensation these particles can lead to reception of enough of the
cold antimatter consisting of molecules of antihydrogen.
Thus, the importance of a problem about transformation and concentration of
energy of sunlight in other forms of energy, suitable antimatter for reception
increases in a greater measure. As we see, this process of reception of cold
antimatter represents extremely difficult technical problem, it is possible
even to tell extremely difficult problem. It is work on for many generations of
researchers of all areas of knowledge and specialties.
On a modern level of development of technologies
about a plenty of the received antimatter to speak it is not necessary. Besides these processes of reception of antimatter are very dear.
Therefore it is possibly possible to speak only about approximately tens or hundreds
nanograms the received antimatter. It the quantity of
antimatter, obviously, would be enough for creation of space vehicles (SV) with
the sizes in nano- or a micron range ((http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=18416))). This
fantastic assumption not it is deprived sense in a context of modern
development nanotechnologies in the World. All the sizes long devices and
details such SV should not exceed the sizes of ranges of micron and nanometer.
Position can change if to consider, that black holes
as natural so, it is possible also an artificial origin can become
"factories" of antimatter (see http://ipulsar.net/news/1465-sc.html (A.D.Dolgov (ITEP) and
others). Gravitation in vicinities of a black hole is so greater, that it is
any objects (even photons) cannot leave it. Really, gravitation of a black hole
operates more strongly on protons, than on electrons as their weight is much less.
As a result the black hole receives a positive electric charge. Thus, if
weights of black holes are small enough the electric field in the field of
horizon of events can reach critical values. It spends to instability of vacuum
and generation electron-positron pairs. As positrons are thrown out from area
of an electric field of a black hole, and electrons are grasped, black holes
can be considered as factory of antimatter, transforming protons in
antiparticles. In this connection
opportunities of use of researches of the various processes proceeding in
extreme states, in the nuclear physics, astrophysics and cosmology can be
considered, and also other adjacent areas of a science and techniques for
creation of intensive streams of positrons and is possible other antiparticles.
Thus, very powerful streams of positrons could be received. Gathering of such
positrons in magnetic traps in states of a space can become rather effective
method of accumulation of antimatter.
Besides a problem of
manufacture there is a problem of safe storage of positrons. Now for storage of
antiparticles so-called Penning traps [7] are used. Particles are kept in them
from collision with walls of a trap by means of a magnetic field. However as
positrons are charged equally and make a start from each other, in due course
all of them are pulled out from a magnetic field and at collision with a usual
matter is annihilated. In the same way can be manufactured and Penning minitraps.
Firm Positronics
Research LLC [8] is engaged in a problem of storage of positrons. Alternatively
to Penning traps of scientists of this firm suggest to use also quasistable formations – positronium
atoms. Positronium the friend around of the friend to
a positron and electron which are kept from collision by electromagnetic fields
represents system from rotating.
It is marked [8], that the
engine on antimatter (antiprotons) is quite real and can work, for example, as
follows. First two clouds from several billions antiprotons which from contact
with a matter are kept with an electromagnetic trap are created. Then between
them enter fuel particle in weight in 42 nanogram,
representing capsule from uranium-
As if to flight to Mars for one month for it
the American physicists recommend other technology –antiproton nuclear
division. Then on all flight it is required 140 nanograms
of antiprotons, not including radioactive fuel.
About a role of
research of positron and positronium states in a
matter
By virtue of the set forth above
research positron annihilation in a matter (positronics,
a being component of a problem of antimatter), including in the structure
positron processes, positron (positronium) states and
actually process annihilation [10-18], represents fundamental and practically
important problem. Positron and positronium states in the basic four states of a matter
(gases, liquids, solid state and plasma) can be classified conditionally as
follows: 1) free positrons and positronium atoms (
) in various energy intervals from termalized
up to ultrarelativistic; 2) Wheeler connections
(complexes) of structure 
; 3) positronium molecules
, т. е. 
, and even more complex polyelectronic
systems including in the structure a positron; 4) the connected states of positrons
and on multielectronic
atoms and ions (first of all on negative ions); 5) quasipositron
and quasipositronium states in the various condensed
environments; 6) a positron ()-exiton plasma, for example, in
semiconductors at temperature of liquid helium and below; 7) connected positron
and states on dot and big
defects (free volumes) in crystal both amorphous firm bodies and polymers; 8)
connected positron and states on a surface of
various matters. Certainly, alongside with above listed can be and other types
of states.
Research of properties of
such states has great value in a modern science and techniques. Therefore last
year’s intensive development of positronics of various
matters and their states is observed. Interest to studying of
positronics not сasual. It is connected, on the one
hand, with fundamental problems of physics: a birth and evolution of the
Universe and -or the Universes, positron astrophysics, interaction of matter
and antimatter, with studying new updating Wheeler complexes in matter. On the
other hand, – with search of new unique methods of research of electronic
structure and some physical and chemical characteristics of matter (including
solid state) in addition to already existing methods (optical, electric,
magnetic, etc.), and also opportunities of construction of devices and the devices
working on the basis of effects of interaction of radiation with matter. The
special role is represented with researches in the field of space positronics [11-13].
Application of a method of
positron annihilation for studying electronic and defective structure of
metals, alloys, semiconductors, ionic crystals, polymers and other matters became
possible owing to theoretical and experimental researches of process
annihilation in these materials [10-18], allowed to find
out the nature positron states and their subsequent annihilation
disintegration. Really, by means of the theoretical analysis positron processes
and states in these matters communication between the basic characteristics
annihilation spectra (the form and width of ADAP curves, time spectra
annihilation and relative speed of the account of concurrences 3g-quantum’s)
and constants of speeds of formation and disintegration of these states that
has enabled to receive the helpful information on investigated samples (monocrystal and polycrystalline samples).
As it has been established,
by the most important questions which are solved and can be solved by means of
a method annihilation the positrons, not destroying control representing a
method, are: definition of electron concentration in metals and alloys;
research of anisotropy of electronic density in monocrystals
of metals, semiconductors and ionic crystals for various crystal orientations;
definition of charging states of atoms in semiconductor connections and ionic
crystals; studying of the nature and density of dispositions in semiconductors;
research of amorphous semiconductors and glasses, and also ionic systems with
the developed surface; revealing of radiating and other defects in semiconductors
and ionic crystals; the analysis of a condition of a surface and surface layers
of metals, alloys, semiconductors and ionic crystals. Special interest is
represented with opportunities of applications various positron techniques for
researches of the sizes and concentration of nanoobjects
in technically important materials and nanomaterials
[18].
Special value research of
processes of interaction of matter and antimatter (atom-antiatom,
a molecule-antimolecule, etc.), having have great
value from the astrophysical point of view and synthesis of antiatoms
on modern accelerators of elementary particles, also for creation of engines
and the energy sources based on annihilation of matter and antimatter.
Possible projects of space engines
According to the Internet with the help of antimatter
it is possible to deliver the manned ship to Mars for one and a half month.
Affirms, that space engines on antimatter where are closer, than it is accepted
to think. They can be rather inexpensive and safe. The main idea of company Positronics Research [8] considers,
that fuel for the ships of the future should become positrons, instead of
antiprotons or nucleus of antihelium as it was
offered earlier. This choice is proved so. At reaction annihilation matters and
antimatters are born scale-beams of high energy, that
in case of the piloted device entails inclusion in a design of the hardest
protection. Not only it is complex to be protected from such beams, them and to
use for a drive of the ship inconveniently. The significant part of energy will
depart away. Positron annihilation the scale-radiation with energy
approximately in 400 times smaller gives rise, that is
good from the most different points of viewIt is supposed, that the certain quantity of positrons (the 100-th shares
of gram) would be turned out on terrestrial installations and placed in the big
number of tiny magnetic capsules-traps. These capsules by turns, but with the
big frequency direct to the center of the reactor filled special heat exchanger
– a matrix. In the center of a reactor a trap switch off, positrons cooperate
with its matter and give flash of the radiation which is heating up a matrix.
Through a matrix pass hydrogen which is warmed up and with the big speed
expires from aperture of the engine. The part of hot hydrogen is allocated for
a drive of the pump, and cold hydrogen from a tank before to get in a reactor,
passes through double aperture in walls – for its cooling. Positron reactor
could give a specific impulse in 900 seconds. On each gram of the working body (hydrogen)
spent for a second it would give
The second variant of a drive is named «Ablative
positron engine». Capsules with magnetic traps in which positrons are stored,
here are still covered by a layer of lead. Annihilation of
capsules оccurs
in wide of the chamber of the engine. Lead the scale-radiation from
annihilation and again radiates absorbs powerful this stream of energy in the
form of X-rays. X-ray beams, unlike scale-radiation, are very well absorbed by
the most thin layer of a special covering of the
chamber. These layers in the engine gradually evaporate and give draft. The
settlement specific impulse of ablative positron a drive makes five thousand seconds.
In case of misfortune on start (if for any inconceivable reason capsules-traps
will be disconnected all) such ship will not throw out in an atmosphere of
radioactive matters. There will be only short scale-flash and explosion, quite
let's compare on force with explosion of a usual chemical rocket. So the safety
zone around of start can make all kilometer. «On a rough estimate to make 10 milligrams
of the positrons necessary for piloted martian
mission, it is necessary approximately 250 million doll. with
use of technology which now develops. Other calculations made by scientists
NASA, working in Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, have shown, that for
reception of one milligram of an antimatter now it would be required about
hundred billions dollars – the expensive that this
project was interesting from the commercial point of view. There is an
instruction, that at a modern level it is required nearby 10 billion dollars
For
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